قانونهای طلایی1) تغییر زمانها (وقتی فعلِ گزارشت گذشتهست: said/told)Present Simple → Past Simple:…
انتشار: 2025/10/07 08:44 UTCدریافت: 2026/08/18 16:07 UTCآخرین مشاهده: 2026/08/18 16:07 UTC
قانونهای طلایی1) تغییر زمانها (وقتی فعلِ گزارشت گذشتهست: said/told)Present Simple → Past Simple: “I work” → she said (that) she workedPresent Continuous → Past Continuous: “I’m working” → she was workingPresent Perfect → Past Perfect: “I have finished” → she had finishedPast Simple → Past Perfect: “I saw” → she had seenFuture (will) → would: “I will go” → she would goModals: can→could, may→might, must→had to (وقتی اجبار باشه)(should/ought to معمولاً همون میمونن؛ would هم تغییر نمیکنه)نکته مهم: اگه حقیقتِ کلیه/هنوز هم درسته یا فعل گزارشت حاله، معمولاً backshift نمیدیم.“The Earth orbits the Sun.” → He said (that) the Earth orbits the Sun.
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6) say vs telltell + object: She told me (that) …say (to sb): She said (to me) (that) … / She said (that) …
5) دستور و خواهش (Imperatives/Requests)tell/ask + object + to + V“Close the door.” → She told me to close the door.“Don’t be late.” → She told me not to be late.افعال پیشنهادی: suggest/recommend/propose → (that) sb (should) + V یا V-ing“Let’s cancel.” → He suggested (that) we (should) cancel / canceling.
4) سوالها (Question → Statement Order)Yes/No questions: if/whether + ترتیب خبری (بدون کمکفعلِ پرسشی)“Do you like tea?” → He asked if I liked tea.Wh- questions: همون wh- میمونه + ترتیب خبری“Where did you go?” → He asked where I had gone.
3) قیدهای زمان و مکانnow → thentoday → that dayyesterday → the day before / the previous daytomorrow → the next/following daylast week → the previous weeknext week → the following weekhere → therethis/these → that/those…ago → …before
2) ضمایر عوض میشن“I” → he/she | “we” → they | “you” → I/we/they… (بسته به منظور)