امروز پراگراف اول و دوم این صفحه کار میشهکبریت‌های Congreve که هر جعبه آن‌ها یک شیلینگ قیمت داشت، چو

امروز پراگراف اول و دوم این صفحه کار میشهکبریت‌های Congreve که هر جعبه آن‌ها یک شیلینگ قیمت داشت، چوب‌های کوچکی بودند که با گوگرد پوشانده شده و نوک آن‌ها به کلرات پتاسیم آغشته شده بود.Keywords & Paraphrases:• costing → priced at / selling for / having a price of• a shilling a box → one shilling per box• splints → small sticks / pieces of wood• coated with → covered with / treated with / layered with• sulfur → chemical substance• tipped with → covered at the tip with / treated with / coated at the end with• potassium chlorate → chemical compound• price → cost / charge / amount paid• per box → for each box / each box⸻6To light them, the user drew them quickly through folded glass paper.معنی:برای روشن کردن آن‌ها، کاربر آن‌ها را با سرعت روی کاغذ شیشه‌ای تاخورده می‌کشید.Keywords & Paraphrases:• to light → to ignite / to set fire to / to make burn• user → person using it / consumer• drew → pulled / dragged• quickly → rapidly / swiftly / at speed• through → across / along / over• folded → bent / doubled• glass paper → abrasive paper / rough paper• light a match → ignite a match / set a match alight⸻7Walker never patented his invention, and three years later it was copied by a Samuel Jones, who marketed his product as Lucifers.معنی:واکر هرگز اختراع خود را ثبت نکرد و سه سال بعد، فردی به نام ساموئل جونز از آن کپی کرد و محصول خود را با نام Lucifers به بازار عرضه کرد.Keywords & Paraphrases:• patented → legally registered / officially registered• invention → creation / innovation / new device• never patented → failed to patent / did not legally register• three years later → after three years / three years afterwards• copied → imitated / reproduced / duplicated• marketed → promoted / advertised / sold / commercialised• product → item / goods / invention• marketed as → sold as / promoted as / introduced as• as Lucifers → under the name Lucifers⸻8About the same time, a French chemistry student called Charles Sauria produced the first “strike-anywhere” match by substituting white phosphorus for the potassium chlorate in the Walker formula.معنی:تقریباً در همان زمان، یک دانشجوی شیمی فرانسوی به نام Charles Sauria نخستین کبریت «قابل روشن شدن با کشیده شدن روی هر سطح» را تولید کرد؛ او در فرمول واکر، فسفر سفید را جایگزین کلرات پتاسیم کرد.Keywords & Paraphrases:• about the same time → at approximately the same time / around that period• chemistry student → student of chemistry• produced → made / created / developed / manufactured• first → earliest / initial / original• strike-anywhere → capable of being ignited on any rough surface• by substituting → by replacing / by exchanging• substitute A for B → replace B with A / use A instead of B• white phosphorus → chemical substance• potassium chlorate → chemical compound• formula → recipe / composition / chemical method• instead of → rather than / in place of / as an alternative to• replaced → substituted / exchanged / removed and replaced