ادامه متن شماره یک از کتاب کمبریج شماره یک با فرهاد پرهام نیا در کانال آیلتس فرهاد @ieltsfarhadThe A

ادامه متن شماره یک از کتاب کمبریج شماره یک با فرهاد پرهام نیا در کانال آیلتس فرهاد @ieltsfarhadThe Ancient Greeks used lenses or concave mirrors to concentrate the sun’s rays and produce fire.یونانیان باستان از عدسی‌ها یا آینه‌های مقعر استفاده می‌کردند تا پرتوهای خورشید را متمرکز کنند و آتش ایجاد کنند.Paraphrases:• Ancient Greeks → people in Ancient Greece• used → made use of / employed• lenses → optical lenses• concave mirrors → inward-curved mirrors• concentrate the sun’s rays → focus sunlight / focus the sun’s rays• produce fire → create fire / start a fire⸻Burning glasses were also used by Mexican Aztecs and the Chinese.عدسی‌های آتش‌زا نیز توسط آزتک‌های مکزیک و چینی‌ها مورد استفاده قرار می‌گرفتند.Paraphrases:• burning glasses → fire-starting lenses / lenses used to ignite materials• were used by → were employed by / were utilized by• Mexican Aztecs → the Aztec people of Mexico• the Chinese → Chinese people / people in China⸻Percussion methods of fire-lighting date back to Paleolithic times, when some Stone Age tool-makers discovered that chipping flints produced sparks.@ieltsfarhadروش‌های ضربه‌ای برای روشن کردن آتش به دوران پارینه‌سنگی بازمی‌گردند؛ زمانی که برخی از ابزارسازان عصر حجر دریافتند که ضربه زدن و تراشیدن سنگ‌های چخماق باعث ایجاد جرقه می‌شود.Paraphrases:• percussion methods → methods involving striking / striking-based techniques• fire-lighting → starting a fire / lighting a fire / fire ignition• date back to → go back to / originate in / can be traced back to• Paleolithic times → the Old Stone Age / the Paleolithic period• Stone Age tool-makers → people who made tools during the Stone Age• discovered → found / realized / learned• chipping flints → striking or breaking pieces of flint• produced sparks → generated sparks / created sparks⭐ IELTS نکته:date back to یکی از عبارت‌های بسیار مهم Reading است.The tradition dates back to the 18th century.= The tradition originated in the 18th century.⸻The technique became more efficient after the discovery of iron, about 5000 years ago.این روش پس از کشف آهن، یعنی حدود ۵۰۰۰ سال پیش، کارآمدتر شد.Paraphrases:• the technique → the method / the procedure• became more efficient → became more effective / improved in efficiency• after the discovery of → following the discovery of / after the invention or finding of• about 5000 years ago → approximately 5,000 years ago / around 5,000 years ago⸻In Arctic North America, the Eskimos produced a slow-burning spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound that contains sulphur.@ieltsfarhadدر مناطق قطبی آمریکای شمالی، اسکیموها با ضربه زدن کوارتز به پیریت آهن، جرقه‌ای با سوختن آهسته ایجاد می‌کردند؛ پیریت آهن ترکیبی است که حاوی گوگرد است.Paraphrases:• Arctic North America → the northern polar region of North America• produced → generated / created• slow-burning spark → a spark that burns slowly• by striking A against B → by hitting A against B• quartz → a type of mineral• iron pyrites → a mineral compound• a compound that contains sulphur → a substance containing sulphur⭐ ساختار مهم:by + V-ing → با انجام دادنِ یک کار / از طریق انجام یک کارThey produced fire by striking quartz against iron pyrites.⸻The Chinese lit their fires by striking porcelain with bamboo.چینی‌ها با ضربه زدن بامبو به ظروف چینی آتش خود را روشن می‌کردند.Paraphrases:• lit their fires → started their fires / ignited fires• striking → hitting / beating• porcelain → a type of ceramic material• bamboo → a type of plant used as a material⸻In Europe, the combination of steel, flint and tinder remained the main method of fire-lighting until the mid 19th century.در اروپا، ترکیب فولاد، چخماق و مواد آتش‌گیر تا اواسط قرن نوزدهم، همچنان روش اصلی روشن کردن آتش باقی ماند.Paraphrases:• in Europe → across Europe / throughout Europe• combination of → mixture of / use of … together• steel → a type of metal• flint → a hard stone that produces sparks• tinder → easily combustible material• remained → continued to be / stayed