امروز پراگراف اول و دوم این صفحه کار میشه9However, since white phosphorus is a deadly poison, from 1

امروز پراگراف اول و دوم این صفحه کار میشه9However, since white phosphorus is a deadly poison, from 1845 match-makers exposed to its fumes succumbed to a disease that eats away jaw-bones.معنی:با این حال، از آنجا که فسفر سفید یک سم کشنده است، از سال ۱۸۴۵ کبریت‌سازانی که در معرض بخارات آن قرار می‌گرفتند، به بیماری‌ای مبتلا می‌شدند که استخوان‌های فک را از بین می‌برد.Keywords & Paraphrases:• however → nevertheless / nonetheless / despite this• since → because / as / due to the fact that• deadly → lethal / fatal / life-threatening• poison → toxic substance / poisonous substance• match-makers → match manufacturers / workers producing matches• exposed to → subjected to / in contact with / affected by• fumes → vapours / gases / toxic emissions• succumbed to → suffered from / became victims of / were affected by• disease → illness / disorder / medical condition• eats away → destroys gradually / damages progressively / erodes• jaw-bones → bones of the jaw• from 1845 → beginning in 1845 / starting in 1845⸻10It wasn’t until 1906 that the substance was eventually banned.معنی:تا سال ۱۹۰۶ طول کشید تا این ماده سرانجام ممنوع شود.Keywords & Paraphrases:• wasn’t until → did not happen before / only happened in• eventually → finally / ultimately / in the end• substance → material / chemical / compound• banned → prohibited / forbidden / outlawed• was banned → was prohibited / was made illegal• until 1906 → before 1906 it was not…• eventually banned → finally prohibited / ultimately outlawed⸻ستون دوم11That was 62 years after a Swedish chemist called Pasch had discovered non-toxic red or amorphous phosphorus, a development exploited commercially by Pasch’s compatriot J E Lundstrom in 1885.معنی:این اتفاق ۶۲ سال پس از آن رخ داد که یک شیمیدان سوئدی به نام Pasch فسفر قرمز یا آمورفِ غیرسمی را کشف کرده بود؛ کشفی که هم‌وطن او، J. E. Lundstrom، در سال ۱۸۸۵ از آن برای اهداف تجاری استفاده کرد.Keywords & Paraphrases:• Swedish chemist → Swedish scientist / chemist from Sweden• discovered → found / identified / detected / uncovered• non-toxic → harmless / not poisonous / safe / non-poisonous• amorphous → shapeless / without a definite structure• development → advancement / innovation / discovery• exploited commercially → used commercially / utilised for commercial purposes / developed commercially• commercially → for business purposes / for profit / in the marketplace• compatriot → fellow countryman / person from the same country• 62 years after → six decades later / following a period of 62 years• development → discovery / innovation / advancement⸻12Lundstrom’s safety matches were safe because the red phosphorus was non-toxic; it was painted onto the striking surface instead of the match tip, which contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature of 182 degrees centigrade.معنی:کبریت‌های ایمن Lundstrom بی‌خطر بودند، زیرا فسفر قرمز سمی نبود؛ این ماده روی سطحی که کبریت روی آن کشیده می‌شد قرار داده شده بود، نه روی نوک کبریت؛ نوک کبریت حاوی کلرات پتاسیم بود که دمای اشتعال نسبتاً بالایی، یعنی ۱۸۲ درجه سانتی‌گراد، داشت.Keywords & Paraphrases:• safety matches → safe matches / non-dangerous matches• safe → harmless / secure / non-dangerous• non-toxic → harmless / not poisonous• painted onto → applied to / spread onto / coated onto• striking surface → ignition surface / surface used to ignite a match• instead of → rather than / in place of / as opposed to• match tip → end of the match / head of the match• contained → included / held / had / consisted of• relatively high → comparatively high / fairly high / higher than average• ignition temperature → temperature required for ignition• degrees centigrade → degrees Celsius• striking → rubbing against a surface• surface → outer layer / exterior area⸻13America lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards.معنی:آمریکا در زمینه فناوری کبریت و استانداردهای ایمنی از اروپا عقب‌تر بود.Keywords & Paraphrases:• lagged behind → fell behind / was behind / was less advanced than