امروز پراگراف اول و دوم این صفحه کار میشه1The quest for a practical match really began after 1781 wh

امروز پراگراف اول و دوم این صفحه کار میشه1The quest for a practical match really began after 1781 when a group of French chemists came up with the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube containing a twist of paper tipped with phosphorus.تلاش برای ساخت یک کبریت کاربردی واقعاً پس از سال ۱۷۸۱ آغاز شد؛ زمانی که گروهی از شیمیدانان فرانسوی کبریت Phosphoric Candle یا Ethereal Match را ابداع کردند؛ یک لوله شیشه‌ای دربسته که حاوی تکه‌ای کاغذ با نوکی آغشته به فسفر بود.Keywords & Paraphrases:• quest for → search for / pursuit of / attempt to find / effort to develop• practical → useful / functional / effective / workable• match → matchstick / fire-lighting device• began → started / commenced / originated / started to develop• a group of → a number of / a collection of / several• chemists → scientists / chemistry specialists• come up with → invent / develop / devise / create / produce / formulate• sealed → closed / tightly closed / airtight• glass tube → glass container / glass cylinder• containing → holding / including / filled with / consisting of• a twist of paper → a piece of paper / a rolled piece of paper• tipped with → covered at the end with / treated with / coated with• phosphorus → chemical substance⸻2When the tube was broken, air rushed in, causing the phosphorus to self-combust.وقتی لوله شکسته می‌شد، هوا با سرعت وارد آن می‌شد و باعث می‌شد فسفر خودبه‌خود آتش بگیرد.Keywords & Paraphrases:• broken → damaged / cracked / fractured• air rushed in → air entered rapidly / air flowed in quickly• rush in → enter rapidly / flow in quickly• causing → resulting in / leading to / bringing about / triggering• phosphorus → chemical substance• self-combust → ignite spontaneously / catch fire automatically / burn spontaneously• combustion → burning / ignition• rapidly → quickly / swiftly / at a fast rate3An even more hazardous device, popular in America, was the Instantaneous Light Box — a bottle filled with sulphuric acid into which splints treated with chemicals were dipped.معنی:وسیله‌ای حتی خطرناک‌تر که در آمریکا محبوب بود، Instantaneous Light Box نام داشت؛ بطری‌ای پر از اسید سولفوریک که چوب‌های کوچکی آغشته به مواد شیمیایی در آن فرو برده می‌شدند.Keywords & Paraphrases:• hazardous → dangerous / risky / unsafe / harmful / perilous• device → apparatus / equipment / instrument / mechanism• popular → widely used / common / well-known / favoured• in America → in the United States / among Americans• bottle → container / vessel• filled with → containing / holding / full of• sulphuric acid → a chemical substance / corrosive acid• splints → small pieces of wood / thin sticks• treated with → coated with / covered with / exposed to / impregnated with• chemicals → chemical substances / chemical compounds• dipped → immersed / placed into / submerged• into which → in which / inside which⸻4The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827 by John Walker, an English pharmacist who borrowed the formula from a military rocket-maker called Congreve.معنی:اولین کبریت‌هایی که شبیه کبریت‌های امروزی بودند، در سال ۱۸۲۷ توسط جان واکر، یک داروساز انگلیسی، ساخته شدند؛ او فرمول را از سازنده‌ای به نام Congreve که در زمینه موشک‌های نظامی فعالیت می‌کرد، گرفت.Keywords & Paraphrases:• first matches → earliest matches / initial versions of matches• resembling → resembling / looking like / similar to / comparable to• those used today → modern ones / currently used matches / contemporary versions• were made → were produced / were manufactured / were created / were developed• pharmacist → chemist / pharmaceutical professional• borrowed → obtained / adopted / took / acquired• formula → recipe / method / composition / chemical formula• military → armed forces / defence-related• rocket-maker → rocket manufacturer / rocket producer• called → named / known as / referred to as⸻5Costing a shilling a box, Congreves were splints coated with sulfur and tipped with potassium chlorate.معنی: